Copán was founded as a Maya settlement around the 9th century BC, but it rose to prominence as a major city during the Classic Period of Maya civilization.
The dynastic history of Copán officially begins in AD 426, when K’inich Yax K’uk’ Mo’ established the ruling dynasty, likely with influence from the more powerful Maya city of Tikal. This marked the start of Copán's most significant political and cultural era, lasting until the early 9th century AD, when the city began to decline.
Below are the main monuments and features of the site:
1. Acropolis
- A massive complex of temples, plazas, tombs, and altars.
- Divided into two main areas:
• West Court: Associated with ancestor worship and rituals.
• East Court: Likely used for royal residences and political functions.
- Includes several pyramidal temples, many of which served as burial sites for rulers.
2. Temple 26 ("Hieroglyphic Stairway Temple")
- Most famous monument at Copán.
- Features the longest known Maya hieroglyphic inscription (63 steps, 2,000+ glyphs).
- Commemorates the history of Copán’s dynasty, especially K’inich Yax K’uk’ Mo’ and his successors.
- Commissioned and expanded by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil (18 Rabbit).
3. Ball Court
- One of the largest and best-preserved Maya ball courts.
- Flanked by large macaw-shaped markers (macaws were sacred to the Copán dynasty).
- The ballgame was both sport and ritual, often connected to cosmology and elite politics.
4. Great Plaza
- An open ceremonial space showcasing stelae and altars.
- Many of these stelae depict Copán’s rulers, especially Stela A, B, C, D, F, H, and J.
- These monuments show intricate details of kings' dress, symbols of power, and inscriptions.
5. Stelae and Altars
- Copán is famous for its elaborately carved stelae, often paired with round or square altars.
- Many stelae date from the reign of 18 Rabbit, who elevated Copán's sculptural art to its peak.
- The altars sometimes represent cosmological concepts (e.g. world trees, directional stones).
6. Temple 11
- Believed to be a portal between worlds, connecting the earthly realm to the underworld and heavens.
- Associated with the last known ruler, Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat.
7. Temple 16 ("Temple of the Inscriptions")
- Built over the tomb of K’inich Yax K’uk’ Mo’, the dynastic founder.
- Known for its layered construction—several temples were built atop one another over time.
8. Sculpture Museum
- Located at the site, it houses original sculptures removed from the ruins for preservation.
- Includes a full-scale reconstruction of the Rosalila Temple, a brilliantly colored, early temple buried intact under Temple 16.
9. Residential and Administrative Zones
- The Las Sepulturas complex, just outside the core, reveals elite residences, craft workshops, and administrative buildings.
- Helps archaeologists understand daily life, economics, and urban planning.
The Copán archaeological site covered a total area of approximately 24.6 square kilometers at its peak during the Classic Period (ca. 400–800 CE).
Several museums in Honduras and internationally preserve and exhibit monuments, artifacts, and sculptures from Copán, offering key insights into Maya civilization. Here are the most important ones:
1. Museums in Honduras
- Museo de la Escultura Maya (Museum of Maya Sculpture)
- Museo Regional de Arqueología Maya
2. International Museums with Copán Artifacts
- Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- National Museum of the American Indian (Smithsonian Institution), Washington, D.C., USA
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, USA
- Museo de América, Madrid, Spain